Enforce animal are very valuable for our understanding of the psychological and physiological underpinnings of many disease states. For instance, in the arena of memory and learning, applying a model of animals’ discernment us how data processing in damaged and normal brains.
There are several systems involved in memory and cognition that interact cooperatively or competitively for natural function and behaviors, so that experiments by animal’s model instruct us this information (12).
The production of inflammatory mediators causes activation of microglia as well as astrocytes, so in this manner it can contribute in apoptotic serials of neuron cells death in most neurodegenerative conditions and illnesses. Although induction of release the cytokines, e.g. tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α, interleukin-1b, IL-1b, by elevating oxidase activation of NADPH and induction enzyme activity of NO synthase, prepare some portions of glial cell death processes (13).
Oxidative stress is a key event in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and other neuronal disorders. In ischemic/reperfusion disorders, reactive species produce in extreme levels, which could subsequently result in discrepancies and imbalances between the rate of antioxidants and oxidative agents, especially in elderly lifetime.
Additionally, reactive but bioactive species of oxygen and superoxide radicals can harm and destroy proteins, lipids as like as other cellular macromolecules. There is evidence supporting the hypothesis that herbal polyphenols can provide protection against neurodegenerative changes associated with neuronal damage by their potency in the scavenging of free radicals (14). So these findings motivate us to study the neuroprotective effects of red lentil extract compositions on retention and retrieval of memory in animal models. Nowadays there is great interest in the use of flavonoids and plant derivatives that reach from them in order to improve the functioning of neurons and prevent destructive events, e.g. neurodegenerative events, especially whose related to aging processes.
The use of flavonoid-rich plants or foods in human and animal diets leads to heartening and uplifting of the cognition task of neuronal systems, probably in manner of improvement the regeneration of neuron cells and complex networks by promoting the vulnerability and vitality enhancing of neurons (15). In a similar study by Sarahroodi et al. (16), the recuperative effects of sweet basil hydroalcoholic extract was investigated in animal’s model.
The delay in leaving the platform was measured for both retention and retrieval extract on retention and retrieval of memory test of memory. It has been shown that use of sweet basil extract significantly increases memory retrieval (16). In another study, Flood et al. evaluated the enhancement effect of dehyroepiandrosteron and its sulfate derived on memory retention in mice. They assess improve retention for step-down in a passive avoidance apparatus study (17). Interestingly, lentils were mentioned in ancient treatment remedies and were documented by Dioscorides as one of the therapeutic plants. Lentil seeds are used nowadays in the folk medicine of many ethnicities to treat a variety of illnesses. They are used as a source of lectins for the treatment and prophylaxis of retroviral infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, as well as for ameliorating coronary heart diseases (CHD) and diabetes, especially type II, controlling body weight, and treating cancers of the colon, breast, and prostate (18). Lentils are a significant dietary source of a plethora of vitamins, including phylloquinone (vitamin K), folate, thiamin (B1), and riboflavin (B2); other water-soluble vitamins, namely niacin, pantothenic acid, and pyridoxine, have also been reported in lentils. In addition, vitamin E (a, b and c tocopherols) was measured in lentils by Ryan et al. (19). Flavonoids have a variety of protective effects on neuron cells and the brain, including protection against neurotoxins, potential reduction and suppression of neuroinflammations, memory and learning also cognitive task promotion. It seems that the effect of these bioactive secondary metabolites is due to two mechanisms.
First, because of their antioxidative and free radical scavenging properties, they interact with harmful molecules and thereby rescue crucial lipids, proteins, and others which in the brain are involved in signaling cascades so ceasing of neuron cells apoptosis started by reactive ion spices and neurotoxins happen and promote synaptic reflectivity and plasticity also survival and repayment neuron body cell and dendrites. Second, they change and develop blood flow in the cerebrovascular network, causing beneficial and advantageous effects on neurogenesis and angiogenesis and finally producing strategic neuronal structure changes.
The present study clearly indicates that consumption of red lentil has potential effects on retention and retrieval of memory. It is thought that the use of flavonoid-rich foods such as red lentil throughout a person’s life can limit neurodegeneration and prevent or reverse age-dependent losses in cognitive performance.
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